Abstract
Indonesia has the second-largest biodiversity of any country in the world. Deforestation and forest degradation have caused a range of environmental issues, including habitat degradation and loss of biodiversity, deterioration of water quality and quantity, air pollution, and increased greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to climate change. Forest restoration at the landscape level has been conducted to balance ecological integrity and human well-being. Forest restoration efforts are also aimed at reducing CO2 emissions and are closely related to Indonesia’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) from the forestry sector. The purpose of this paper is to examine the regulatory, institutional, and policy aspects of forest restoration in Indonesia, as well as the implementation of forest restoration activities in the country. The article was written using a synoptic review approach to Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)-related articles and national experiences. Failures, success stories, and criteria and indicators for forest restoration success are all discussed. We also discuss the latest silvicultural techniques for the success of the forest restoration program. Restoration governance in Indonesia has focused on the wetland ecosystem such as peatlands and mangroves, but due to the severely degraded condition of many forests, the government has by necessity opted for active restoration involving the planting and establishment of livelihood options. The government has adapted its restoration approach from the early focus on ecological restoration to more forest landscape restoration, which recognizes that involving the local community in restoration activities is critical for the success of forest restoration.
Highlights
Indonesia consists of 17,000 islands with a range of habitats and biogeographic, geological, climatic, and ecological areas
Previous studies reveal that the implementation of Forest landscape restoration (FLR) in Indonesia in the context of climate change mitigation requires a clear link between action and intended outcome [178], considering local perspective and impact [175,179,180], introducing conservation practices [181,182], and involving small growers [183]
Small-scale forest plantations can contribute to forest and land restoration in the context of climate change mitigation as well as rural economic enhancement [183], so it is important that small growers be engaged in the FLR action
Summary
Indonesia consists of 17,000 islands with a range of habitats and biogeographic, geological, climatic, and ecological areas. In Indonesia, restoration efforts have been pursued for several decades— national projects have even been carried out several times—their effectiveness at restoring degraded forests has yet to be fully realized This happens because social aspects such as conflict resolution and clarity on tenure, low level of community participation due to a project-based orientation, and weak institutional arrangements to establish effective implementation have not been handled well [28]. Restoration activities should be planned, implemented, and managed to ensure that the restored forest is profitable for the community and that its ecological functions remain sustainable [31] This comprehensive perspective is critical for forest landscape restoration since it emphasizes the need to address deforestation and land degradation sources. Successful forest landscape restoration supports conservation of biodiversity and can help mitigate climate change
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