Abstract
The mainland coast of China is about 18,000 km long and houses about 70% of China’s largest cities and 50% of its population. For the last few decades, the rapid growth of the Chinese economy has resulted in extensive development of the coastal infrastructure and property, large-scale expansion of coastal ports, excessive reclamation of coastal land, and a significant increase in the coastal population. Previous studies have indicated that tropical cyclones (TCs) have struck the coast of China at a higher frequency and intensity, and TC-induced coastal hazards have resulted in heavy human losses and huge losses to the Chinese coastal economy. In analyzing the long-term and most recent coastal hazard data collected on the coast of China, this study has found that TC-induced storm surges are responsible for 88% of the direct coastal economic losses, while TC-induced large coastal waves have caused heavy loss of human lives, and that the hazard-caused losses are shown to increase spatially from the north to south, peak in the southern coastal sector, and well correlate to storm wave energy flux. The frequency and intensity of coastal hazards on the coast of China are expected to increase in response to future changing TC conditions and rising sea levels. A simple two-parameter conceptual model is also presented for the assessment of coastal inundation and erosion hazards on the coast of China.
Highlights
There is about 50% of the Chinese national population living and working along the 18,000 km mainland coast of China
Tropical cyclones (TCs) is projected to continue to shift toward stronger storms with an expected increase of 2% to 11% by TC-induced storm surges are a major coastal hazard, especially in the three provincial sectors of Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong all situated on the southern coast of China
The of China has been periodically struckto by tropical cyclones at a higher higher intensity; thecoast globally averaged intensity of TCs is projected continue to shift toward stronger storms with an expected increase of
Summary
There is about 50% of the Chinese national population living and working along the 18,000 km mainland coast of China. TC-induced storm surges are a major coastal hazard, especially in the three provincial sectors of Zhejiang, Fujian, and Guangdong all situated on the southern coast of China. The storm surge hazard on the coast of China is a regional paroxysmal one that can cause enormous loss of human lives, property, and infrastructure. The increasing economic losses on the coast of China are found to be associated with the rapid socio-economic development of the coastal areas; global climate change and sea level rise may play an important role [7,8]. The shoreline retreat in low-lying areas around the Shandong Peninsula is greatly accelerated, and a maximum shoreline retreat of 300 m/year is found around the mouth of the Yellow River This has resulted in Chinese national land losses of. Administration of China (SOA) from 1989 to 2017, this study is undertaken to systematically investigate the major coastal hazards and their unique drivers, determine the impact of storm waves and different timescales of mean water levels on the coast of China, and present a simple two-parameter conceptual model for the assessment of coastal inundation and erosion hazards on the coast of Yantai, China
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