Abstract
The characteristics of ferro-(ferri)magnetism with non-zero magnetization include magnetic attraction, magnetic circular dichroism, and magneto-optical Kerr (MOKE), Faraday, and various anomalous Hall-type (Hall, Ettingshausen, Nernst, and thermal Hall) effects. Non-magnetic or antiferromagnetic materials in external electric fields or other environments (called specimen constituents) can share symmetry operational similarity (SOS) with magnetization (boldsymbol{mathcal{M}}) in relation to broken symmetries. These specimen constituents can be associated with non-zero magnetization and/or show ferromagnetism-like behaviors, so we say that they exhibit Trompe L’oeil Ferromagnetism. Examples include linear magnetoelectric materials such as Cr2O3 under electric fields, Faraday effect in chiral materials such as tellurium with current flow, magnetic field induced by the motion of Neel- or Bloch-type ferroelectric walls, and magneto-optical Kerr (MOKE), Faraday effect, and/or anomalous Hall-type effects in certain antiferromagnets such as Cr2O3, MnPSe3, Mn4(Nb,Ta)2O9, and Mn3(Sn,Ge,Ga). A large number of new specimen constitutes having SOS with boldsymbol{mathcal{M}} are proposed, and require future experimental verification of their ferromagnetism-like behaviors, and also theoretical understanding of possible microscopic mechanisms.
Highlights
Ferro-(ferri)magnets with non-zero magnetic moments has been of great fascination and practical value ever since a piece of lodestone was used as a compass more than 2000 years ago[1,2,3]
None of these spin configurations in zero E has symmetry operational similarity (SOS) with M, but all of them in non-zero E do have SOS with M, which indicates that all can be linear magnetoelectrics. Most of these cases have not been experimentally observed in real compounds, and it will be highly demanding to verify these symmetry-driven predictions in real materials[21]
The SOS approach can be applied to numerous physical phenomena in solids such as nonreciprocity, magnetism-induced ferroelectricity, linear magnetoelectricity, optical activities, photogalvanic effects, second harmonic generation, and anomalous Hall-type effects, and can be leveraged to identify new materials that potentially exhibit the desired physical phenomena
Summary
Ferro-(ferri)magnets with non-zero magnetic moments has been of great fascination and practical value ever since a piece of lodestone (magnetite, Fe3O4) was used as a compass more than 2000 years ago[1,2,3]. The invention and further development of storing information with ferro-(ferri)magnets has been a key component of the microelectronics revolution for the last century[3]. It turns out that these phenomena that traditionally thought to occur only in ferro-(ferri)magnets with non-zero magnetic moments can take place in certain specimens with zero magnetic moment, sometimes in the presence of external electric/strain fields or with time evolution. We call these cases as Trompe L’oeil Ferromagnetism
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