Türkiye'nin Balkanlarda batı ve doğu ittifakına bağlı iki sınır komşusuyla siyasi ilişkileri, Bulgaristan ve Yunanistan (1945-1960)

Abstract

Turkiye’nin, biri kendisiyle ayni ittifakta (Yunanistan), digeri ise karsi ittifakta (Bulgaristan) yer alan iki Balkan komsusuyla Soguk Savasin ilk on bes yilindaki siyasi iliskilerinin incelenmesi ve bu iliskilerin ilgili ulkeleri nasil etkilediklerinin saptanmasi tezin birincil amaclarindandir. 1945-1960 sureci, Turkiye’nin iki Balkan sinir komsusu ile yasadigi iliskilerde kritik bir zaman araligi olarak belirdi. Calismada bu durum ozellikle, donemin devlet adamlarinin ve hukumetlerinin faaliyetleri ve uyguladiklari politikalar acisindan ele alinmistir. Burada Bulgaristan’in Komunist Partisi ve liderlerinin Turkiye’ye bakis acisi verilirken, ne Dimitrov’la baslayan Vatan Cephesi politikalarinin ne de son derece sert Cervenkof politikalari sureci sonrasi ortaya cikan yumusama devresinde Anton Yugof ve esas karar verici Todor Jivkov politikalarinin, Turkiye’ye karsi fazla bir degisiklik gostermedigi incelenmistir. Karsilik olarak ayni sertlikteki tavir, hem CHP hem de DP donemlerinde izlenmistir. Yunanistan’da ise 1945-1953 devresinde, Plastiras’tan Vulgaris’e, Caldaris’ten, Venizelos’a ve Papagos doneminin ilk yillari dâhil, her ne kadar Turkiye ile ittifak icinde ve isbirligi calismalari surecinde olunsa da Kibris sorunuyla birlikte Papagos ve Karamanlis donemlerinde Turkiye’ye karsi bakis acisinda ortaya cikan sertlesme, kendisine ozellikle Adnan Menderes ve Fuad Koprulu sonrasi Disisleri Bakani Fatin Rustu Zorlu’nun politikalarinda karsilik bulmustur. Adnan Menderes’in sert tavri unlu Liman Lokantasi konusmasiyla iyice kendisini gosterirken, Fatin Rustu Zorlu ise 1955’in Londra Konferansi’nda sert tavriyla dikkat cekmistir. Tezde Turk basininindan ve kismen de yabanci basindan gelen haberler degerlendirilmistir. Turk basini, Bulgaristan’a elestirel yaklasirken, Yunanistan icin yine Kibris sorununun ortaya cikisina kadar olumlu yazilara rastlanmis, sonraki donemde Yunanistan, Bulgaristan’dan dahi agir elestirilmistir. Bunlar ele alinirken, yabanci basinin gorusleri, ABD’deki basin kuruluslari, New York Times, Daily News gibi gazetelerin Turk-Yunan iliskilerine siklikla yer verisi ve Ingiliz basinindan Times, Daily Express ve Economist gibi gazete ve dergilerin ozellikle Kibris sorununu, Turk-Bulgar ve Turk-Yunan iliskilerini ele alisini inceleme imkâni dogmustur. Calisma, donemin arsiv belgeleri ve ozellikle Turk basinina dayanarak sekillenmekle birlikte, donemin siyaset adamlarinin, Mecliste ve basindaki beyanlariyla da desteklenmistir.Abstract The first aim of this thesis is to examine both the political relationship of Turkey with the two neighboring countries at the Balkans, one of which is on the same alliance (Greece) and the other is on the opponent one (Bulgaria); and the effect of these relations to the related countries in the first fifteen years of the Cold War. The period between 1945-1960 was a critical time frame for Turkey according to her relations with the two Balkan neighbors. In this thesis, this situation was discussed in the light of the actions and policies of the political leaders and the governments of this era. The point of view of the Bulgarian Communist Party and its leaders as Dimitrov, Chervenkov and Zhivkov’s harsh attitude to Turkey was examined and it has been found out that even in the detente period of Bulgaria after 1956, the manner of Bulgarian policies towards Turkey did not change. In response, the hard line of Turkish policies accompanied by the activities of both CHP and DP political leaders were observed during this period. By the way, while taking Greece into consideration in the same period, the era between 1945 and 1953 was a friendly one towards Turkey by the friendly and cooperative policies of the Greek leaders as Plastiras, Vulgaris, Tsaldaris, Venizelos and Papagos. However, with the Cyprus issue which came into existence into the world scene, the attitude of the Papagos and Karamanlis governments sharply changed towards Turkey while Adnan Menderes and his associates like Fatin Rustu Zorlu and Fuad Koprulu were also rigorous to Greece’s difficult manner. Adnan Menderes’ famous speech at Liman restaurant and Zorlu’s attitude in London Conference of 1955 are good examples for this change in policies of Turkey about Greece. Besides these circumstances, this thesis also examines the point of view of the Turkish press on these relations with Greece and Bulgaria and tried to analyze some comments of the foreign press on the events. While, Turkish press strongly criticized Bulgarian policies in every term of the period 1945-1960, after 1954, their main target was Greece because of the Cyprus issue. While determining these articles of Turkish press, the newspapers of United States and Britain as New York Times, Daily News, The Economist, Times and Daily Express were also examined. Their analyses about Turkey’s relations between Bulgaria and Greece were also underlined. This study was based on the archives mostly and especially the archives of the Turkish newspapers, as well as on the detailed comments and speeches of the political figures of the period between the years 1945 and 1960.