Abstract
Four previously undescribed compounds, including three rarely occurring seco-dammarane triterpenoid glycosides and a pentacyclic triterpenic acid, were isolated from a 70% ethanol extract of the leaves of Cyclocarya paliurus (Juglandaceae), along with eleven known triterpenoids. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic techniques, including 2D NMR and HRESIMS, as well as chemical methods. Among them, several triterpenoids enhanced insulin stimulated glucose uptake in both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes. Furthermore, compound 1 dose-dependently increased glucose uptake through activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-p38 pathway. Collectively, triterpenoids from C. paliurus could be developed as insulin sensitizers, which might have therapeutic potential for insulin resistance and hyperglycemia.
Highlights
Long-term use of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin is accompanied by side effects, including hypoglycemic episodes, edema, hepatorenal disturbances, and gastrointestinal problems [1,2]
The key proteins in the insulin signaling pathway were. These results indicated that compound 1 enhances insulin sensitivity and promotes glucose uptake by analyzed
Synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), and compound 1 further enhanced the phosphorylation of these proteins. These results indicated that compound 1 enhances insulin sensitivity and promotes glucose uptake by activating the insulin signaling pathway
Summary
Long-term use of oral hypoglycemic agents or insulin is accompanied by side effects, including hypoglycemic episodes, edema, hepatorenal disturbances, and gastrointestinal problems [1,2]. Due to their perceived better safety and efficacy, phytochemicals such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids have attracted more and more attention in the treatment of diabetes [3]. 1–3 possessing 20,24-epoxy linkages, and a pentacyclic triterpenic acid 4, were systematically isolated, isolated, along with eleven known triterpenoids Their were structures were on elucidated basis along with eleven known triterpenoids.
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