Tris-heteroleptic ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes: Synthesis, structural characterization, photophysical, electrochemistry and biological properties

Abstract

Three water-soluble tris-heteroleptic ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes [Ru(bpy)(phen)(bpg)]2+ (1), [Ru(bpy)(dppz)(bpg)]2+ (2), and [Ru(phen)(dppz)(bpg)]2+ (3) (where bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c] phenazine, bpg = 4b,5,7,7a-tetrahydro-4b,7a-epiminomethanoimino-6H-imidazo[4,5-f] [1,10] phenanthroline-6,13-dione) have been synthesized and characterized. Molecular structures of complexes 1 and 3 are confirmed by single crystal X-ray structure determination. Interaction of complexes 1–3 with DNA is explored by various spectroscopic techniques. The complexes 1–3 show solvent dependent photophysical properties. Complexes 2 and 3 show extensive “molecular light switch” effect for DNA. The complexes 1–3 are low toxic towards HeLa (human cervical cancer) and HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) cell lines. Further, the cellular uptake of complexes 2 and 3 by cells shows that complexes mainly localised on the nucleus of the cells.