Trimorphism in the Ichneumonid Parasite Geliscorruptor

Abstract

ABSTRACT The ichneumonid parasite Gelis corruptor is trimorphic in the development of wings: females are invariably apterous; males may be either macropterous or micro-pterous. Females show no trace of wing-buds in the pupa and are without wing-disks in the late larval stage. The female apteryis a sex-limited character and is of genetic origin. All male larvae have wing-disks and are potentially fully winged males. On a host providing adequate nourishment, the male larva develops into the macropterous form; on a host providing meagre nourishment, it develops into the micropterous form. Eggs or young larvae transferred from a small to a large host develop into macropterous males ; larvae removed from large hosts before they have finished feeding develop into micropterous males. The dimorphism of the male sex is therefore controlled by the host viewed as a quantity of food. The two forms of males differ not only in the development of the wings but also in the structure of the thorax, the size of the ocelli, the form of the endoskeleton, and the development, innervation, and tracheal supply of the thoracic muscles. The trimorphism is strict, since all females are apterous and (with the exception of one abnormal specimen) all the males examined belong without intermediates to either the macropterous or the micropterous form. The principal differences observed between the three forms all appear to be bound up with the condition of the wings. How the development of this complex of characters is organized, particularly in the two forms of males, presents an interesting problem of morphogenesis.