Abstract
ObjectiveAcute heart failure (AHF) is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a gut-derived metabolite, has reported association with mortality risk in chronic HF but this association in...
Highlights
Heart failure (HF) is one of the most common heart conditions, especially in the elderly, and has a high morbidity and mortality.[1]
Analysis of trends for trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) showed that individuals with higher levels of TMAO were more likely to be older, have reduced renal function, decreased heart rate, blood pressure (BP) and haemoglobin levels, increased levels of NT-proBNP and potassium, and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction ( p≤0.038)
Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients showed that TMAO was significantly correlated to age (0.230), estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (−0.528), blood urea (0.529), serum creatinine (0.515), NT-proBNP (0.207), systolic BP (−0.110) and heart rate (−0.108, all p’s
Summary
Heart failure (HF) is one of the most common heart conditions, especially in the elderly, and has a high morbidity and mortality.[1]. Recent studies have identified a hitherto unknown interaction of the gut microbiome with cardiovascular disease.[5] The bacterial flora, which shows heterogeneity between individuals with seasonal and dietary influences,[6] generates metabolites from dietary nutrients.[7] One pathway involves carnitine, a large nutritional component of red meat, which is digested by bacteria into the downstream metabolite, trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO). TMAO is formed when bacteria cleave trimethylamine from the carnitine molecule, which is reabsorbed into the bloodstream and converted to TMAO in the liver by flavin-containing monooxygenases.[8]
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