Abstract
TRIM28 is a multidomain protein with versatile functions in transcription and DNA repair. Recently it was shown that this factor plays unanticipated roles in transcriptional elongation. TRIM28 was shown to stabilize the pausing of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) close to the transcriptional start site in many unactivated genes, permitting Pol II accumulation and readying genes for induction. In addition, the factor was shown to respond rapidly to signals accompanying transcriptional activation permitting the productive elongation of RNA by previously paused Pol II. We discuss here critical regulatory mechanisms of TRIM28 in transcriptional control and DNA repair that may illuminate the novel roles of this factor in pausing and elongation of Pol II.
Highlights
Transcription is one of the major cellular processes to access the genome and regulate gene expression
The RNA polymerase II (Pol II) complex carries out the generation of messenger RNAs and the majority of non-coding genes in eukaryotic cells [1, 2], and depending on the functional status and position of Pol II, transcription has been studied in three stages: transcriptional initiation, elongation, and termination [3]
Transcriptional initiation is the initial checkpoint in gene expression, where Pol II and general transcription factors (GTFs) are recruited to the promoter region upon activation [4]
Summary
Transcription is one of the major cellular processes to access the genome and regulate gene expression. TRIM28 was shown to be recruited to the region of DNA double strand breaks in association with HP1 and to be rapidly phosphorylated close to the C terminus (on S824) by the DNA damage response kinase ATM (Figure 1) [34,35,36].
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