Abstract
AbstractA trigonometric parallax distance is measurable for a planetary nebula if it harbors H2O (or OH) maser spots. We have demonstrated it for H2O maser sources, K3-35, IRAS 19312+1950 and IRAS 18286-0959 using the VLBI Exploration of Radio Astrometry (VERA). They are post-AGB stars and exhibit peculiar morpho-kinematical structures like a bipolar planetary nebula or a bipolar molecular jet (water fountain). The luminosities and secular motions of these sources derived from the trigonometric distances and proper motions of the H2O masers suggest that their parental stars may be intermediate-mass (2M⊙ < M* < 8 M⊙) evolved stars.
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