Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a multi-purpose antimicrobial agent used as a common ingredient in everyday household personal care and consumer products. The expanded use of TCS provides a number of pathways for the compound to enter the environment and it has been detected in sewage treatment plant effluents; surface; ground and drinking water. The physico-chemical properties indicate the bioaccumulation and persistence potential of TCS in the environment. Hence, there is an increasing concern about the presence of TCS in the environment and its potential negative effects on human and animal health. Nevertheless, scarce monitoring data could be one reason for not prioritizing TCS as emerging contaminant. Conventional water and wastewater treatment processes are unable to completely remove the TCS and even form toxic intermediates. Considering the worldwide application of personal care products containing TCS and inefficient removal and its toxic effects on aquatic organisms, the compound should be considered on the priority list of emerging contaminants and its utilization in all products should be regulated.
Highlights
Triclosan (TCS, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol) is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent
According to Governmental regulations in the European Union (EU) and the United States, only specified amount of triclosan can be used in some cosmetic and PCPs
Due to dispersal of TCS containing effluents in the streams, the CTDs have been detected in the top levels of aquatic trophic chains [130], and as biomethylated analogues in fresh water samples downstream from a wastewater effluent as well as in carps living in it [131]. These results demonstrated that either CTDs are generated from TCS during wastewater disinfection with free chlorine or bypassing the standard treatments
Summary
Triclosan (TCS, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol) is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent It has antibiotic and antimycotic properties [1]. Low acute toxicity and assumption of not to show chronic side effects, TCS usage is not well regulated [22,23] This leads to widespread use of TCS in various household products, causing an increase in TCS concentration in the aquatic and terrestrial environment. Similar antimicrobial activity of TCS to antibiotics and its toxicity data demand regular monitoring of its concentration in the environment, along with its safe and regulated use in the consumer products. This article provides a comprehensive literature review on TCS, its occurrence in wastewaters, biosolids, aquatic and terrestrial environment, its removal potential, toxicity levels in humans, wildlife and other aquatic organisms, its bioaccumulation potential and intermediate products. The review addresses the research gaps in concerns related to long term exposure to TCS
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