Trichoroacetic Acid: A Possible Biological Marker of Environmental Exposure to Trichloroethylene and Tetrachloroethylene

Abstract

Regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of phenytoin was determined in liver microsomes of nine extensive (EM) and three poor metabolizers (PM) of mephenytoin. Hydroxyphenytoins (HPPH) were isolated and quantified after separation into four regio- and stereoisomers. The total rates of microsomal phenytoin 4′- hydroxylation were approximately 3-fold higher than those of 3′-hydroxylation, and not significantly different in EM and PM. Formation of 4′-(R)-HPPH was 4.4-fold higher in EM than in PM, whereas no clear differences between EM and PM were detected in the formation of 4′-(S)-, 3′- (R)-, and 3′- (S)-HPPH. Cytochrome P450 (CYP)2C9, expressed in a fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, catalyzed the formation of 4′-(R)- and 4′-(S)-HPPH stereoselectively, as observed with EM, in which predominantly 4′- (S)-HPPH was formed. Recombinant CYP2C19 was more stereoselective for 4′-(R)-HPPH formation. These results, in addition to inhibition experiments with anti-human CYP2C antibody, indicate that phenytoin hydroxylation is mainly catalyzed by CYP2C9. Furthermore, CYP2C19 showed limited contribution to phenytoin 4′-hydroxylation with a different chiral preference from CYP2C9.