Abstract
Trichomonas gallinae causes avian trichomoniasis, which is one of the most common protozoan infections in birds worldwide. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate and identify the Trichomonas gallinae in domestic pigeons (Columba livia domestica) by microscopic examination (direct smear and Giemsa stain) and histopathological examination in Baghdad city, Iraq, during the period from beginning of October 2018 to end of March 2019. Giemsa-stained cytoplasm with light purple and nucleus with dark purple, clarification of flagella, nucleus, and cytoplasm very well. Histopathological findings of infected birds showed gross existence of yellowish white caseous necrotic material in the oral cavity and esophagus. The histopathological examination in the larynx, esophagus, trachea, crop, liver, and lung as infiltration of inflammatory cell mainly (heterophils); thickening of mucosa because of extensive infiltration of heterophils and disruption of esophageal gland; the thickness in bronchi wall of lung due to glandular hyperplasia and muscular fibroplasia, in liver focal necrosis of parenchyma with mononuclear cell (MNCs) infiltration and granuloma composed of MNCs and heterophils. The current study may contribute to determining the histopathological changes of esophagus, trachea, crop, and liver of trichomoniasis- infected pigeons.
Highlights
Birds form part of the human diet consumption
Avian trichomoniasis is protozoan disease caused by Trichomonas gallinae, which is a mitochondrial anaerobic protozoan, a flagellated parasite belongs to the class Zoomastigophorea and order Trichomonadida [4]
Histopathological examination of tissues in domestic pigeon that infected naturally with T. gallinae in the present study revealed multiple caseous necrosis were mainly seen in larynx, esophagus, and lung and diffuse mononuclear cells (MNCS) infiltration and congestion in lamina propria
Summary
Birds form part of the human diet consumption. Some are used for breeding, decorative or entertainment purposes, while other birds are used for scientific experiments or teaching the art of mummification [1]. For example, may infect with a group of external parasites such as lice and ticks [2]. Pigeons can be infected by nematodes and cestoda parasites, such as the species of Raillietina, Capillaria and Ascaridia, as well as protozoa parasites such as Eimeria spp., Cryptosporidium spp. and Trichomonas spp., that leads to trichomoniasis [3]. Avian trichomoniasis is protozoan disease caused by Trichomonas gallinae, which is a mitochondrial anaerobic protozoan, a flagellated parasite belongs to the class Zoomastigophorea and order Trichomonadida [4]. Trichomonas infects the upper digestive tract of birds and this parasite infects a widespread of birds, such as pigeons, chickens, turkeys, and. Infection by Trichomonas gallinae (T. gallinae) may occur without signs while it may lead to death with intermediate symptoms including anorexia, vomiting, ruffled feathers, diarrhea, dysphagia, dyspnea, weight loss, and increased thirst [6, 7]. Formalin fixed samples were sectioned at 5 μm thickness and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin [14]
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