Abstract
Pinus sylvestris bark represents a rich source of active compounds with antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to evaluate the antifungal potential of P. sylvestris bark against Botryosphaeria dothidea, Dothiorella sarmentorum, and Neofusicoccum parvum (Botryosphaeriaceae) through its chemical (water extracts) and biological (Trichoderma spp. isolated from the bark) components. The water bark extracts were prepared at two temperatures (80 and 120 °C) and pH regimes (7 and 9). The presence of bark extracts (30%) caused inhibition of mycelial growth of B. dothidea and D. sarmentorum for 39 to 44% and 53 to 60%, respectively. Moreover, we studied the antagonistic effect of three Trichoderma isolates originating from the pine bark. Trichoderma spp. reduced growth of B. dothidea by 67%–85%, D. sarmentorum by 63%–75% and N. parvum by 55%–62%. Microscopic examination confirmed typical mycoparasitism manifestations (coiling, parallel growth, hook-like structures). The isolates produced cellulase, β-glucosidase and N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase. The volatile blend detected the emission of several volatile compounds with antimicrobial activity, including nonanoic acid, cubenene, cis-α-bergamotene, hexanedioic acid, and verticillol. The present study confirmed in vitro potential of P. sylvestris bark extracts and Trichoderma spp. against the Botryosphaeriaceae. The study is an important step towards the use of environmentally friendly methods of Botryosphaeriaceae disease control.
Highlights
Pesticides are generally considered a quick, easy, and inexpensive solution against plant pathogens
(48%) was obtained using neutral water extracts prepared at 120 ◦ C, while alkaline water extract prepared at 120 ◦ C showed the highest inhibition rate (66%)
The present study showed biocontrol potential of P. sylvestris bark estimated through chemical and biological (T. citrinoviride and Trichoderma sp.) components against three Botryospaheriaceae species, i.e., B. dothidea, D. sarmentorum and N. parvum
Summary
Pesticides are generally considered a quick, easy, and inexpensive solution against plant pathogens. Removed bark represents raw material for substrate formulations, soil conditioners, a variety of human health and industrial products, and bioremediation agents [3,5] It exhibits antifungal, antibacterial, and insecticidal properties which main carriers are compounds such as terpenes, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and pinosylvins [4,5,6]. The Botryosphaeriaceae are difficult to control as they reside as endophytes and latent pathogens in wood, and the disease symptoms appear when host is under stress [12] These fungi colonize the xylem tissue, and most species are known as generalist pathogens, able to infect different taxonomically unrelated hosts [12,13,14]. This is of particular concern in urban environments which represent mixtures of native and non-native trees, conifers and broadleaves, and where environmental conditions are such that promote stress on the trees [9]
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