Abstract
Carbon monoxide (CO) is increasingly being appreciated as an important mediator that has pleiotropic biological properties and appears to have a possible therapeutic application for a variety of disorders. Nevertheless, whether this gaseous molecule may be utilized as a therapeutic intervention for periodontal disease is unclear. Here, we examined the potential beneficial effect of CO-releasing molecule-2 (CORM-2), a tricarbonyldichlororuthenium(II) dimer, against the elaboration of proinflammatory mediators by murine macrophages challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) isolated from Prevotella intermedia, a pathogenic bacterium implicated in inflammatory periodontal disease. We found that NO and IL-1β production, iNOS protein expression and mRNA expressions of iNOS and IL-1β were significantly down-regulated when LPS-challenged RAW264.7 cells were exposed to CORM-2. In addition, HO-1 expression was upregulated by CORM-2 in cells activated with P. intermedia LPS, and the inhibitory influence of CORM-2 upon NO production was attenuated by tin protoporphyrin IX, an inhibitor of HO activity. PPAR-γ did not function in the attenuation of NO and IL-1β by CORM-2. JNK and p38 phosphorylation caused by LPS was not altered by CORM-2. CORM-2 reduced NF-κB reporter activity and IκB-α degradation elicited by P. intermedia LPS. Additionally, CORM-2 inhibited LPS-induced phosphorylation of STAT1/3. In conclusion, CORM-2 suppresses NO and IL-1β production caused by P. intermedia LPS. CORM-2 exerts its effect by a mechanism involving anti-inflammatory HO-1 induction and attenuation of NF-κB and STAT1/3 activation, independently of PPAR-γ as well as JNK and p38. CORM-2 may hold promise as host response modulation agent for periodontal disease, though further research is indicated to verify the therapeutic effect.
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