Abstract
The black phosphorus (BP) powders were prepared by high-energy ball milling with red phosphorus as the raw material, and then the BP nanosheets were obtained by liquid-phase exfoliation. The tribological properties of the BP nanosheets as oil-based lubricant additives were investigated by the ball-on-disc tribometer. Results show that compared with the base oil of liquid paraffin (LP), the coefficient of friction and wear rate of the BP nanosheets as the additives in liquid paraffin (BP-LP) are lower for the same loads. BP-LP lubricants could significantly improve the load-bearing capacity of the base oil for titanium alloy-steel contacts and show excellent friction-reducing and anti-wear properties. The surface morphologies and elemental compositions of the friction pairs were further analysed using an optional microscope, scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The lubrication mechanism of BP-LP can be attributed to the synergistic effects between lamellar adsorption and interlayer shear of BP nanosheets.
Highlights
Titanium alloys are widely used in the aerospace, aviation, medical devices, military and automobile industries owing to low density, high strength at room and high temperatures, better royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsos R
The sharp diffraction peaks from 25° to 70° appeared and the main characteristic peaks at 2θ = 25°, 35° and 56° are presented. These results are consistent with standard orthorhombic black phosphorus (BP) (JCPDS no. 76–1957). It means that the phase transformation from red phosphorus (RP) to BP occurred during high-energy ball milling (HEBM)
The tribological properties of the base oil of liquid paraffin (LP) and BP-LP lubricants were researched at different loads
Summary
Titanium alloys are widely used in the aerospace, aviation, medical devices, military and automobile industries owing to low density, high strength at room and high temperatures, better royalsocietypublishing.org/journal/rsos R. The development of new lubricating material and methods with excellent tribological properties are the key to achieving the efficient lubrication in machine cutting of titanium alloy. Two-dimensional (2D) materials such as graphene [10], molybdenum disulfide [11] and hexagonal boron nitride [12] have been widely studied in terms of lubricant additives with antiwear and extreme pressure properties owing to their excellent lubrication properties. Compared with graphene oxide (GO) and MoS2 nanosheets as hexadecane-based lubrication additives, BP nanosheets present similar tribological properties at lower loads and excellent extreme pressure and load carrying capacity at higher loads [14]. Lubricant additives with anti-wear and extreme pressure properties have an important role in the application of material processing, so far, BP as an oil-based additive has not been studied in the processing of titanium alloys. The lubrication mechanisms were analysed based on the experimental results and discussion
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