Abstract
In recent years, the tribological contact between hard solids and glass at high temperatures has been identified as a crucial aspect in emerging technical applications like e.g., precision glass molding. To optimize such tribological systems, especially, the internal transformations of the glasses need to be considered, since these can determine which kind of energy dissipation channels become relevant, when the temperature of a glass is increasing and approaching the glass transition temperature. Here, we now introduce a new tribometer specifically developed for the analysis of glasses at elevated temperatures. Using this tribometer, we characterize friction of contacts between tungsten carbide (WC) and soda lime glass as a function of temperature, while additionally PMMA was analyzed for comparison. Our experiments reveal different tribological regimes where either simple sliding, surface fracturing, or surface deformation can be identified as relevant interface processes for the tribological behavior.Graphical
Highlights
Measuring friction of contacts formed between solids and glasses at temperatures close to the glass transition is a problem of both fundamental scientific interest and technological relevance
That friction is almost independent of temperature well below the glass transition temperature
Our results have demonstrated how our newly developed high-temperature tribometer allows to analyze friction of tungsten carbide/glass interfaces at temperatures close to the glass transition
Summary
Measuring friction of contacts formed between solids and glasses at temperatures close to the glass transition is a problem of both fundamental scientific interest and technological relevance. Concerning technological applications, understanding the tribological mechanisms is relevant for precision glass molding (PGM) [1,2,3,4], where optical components are formed in a one-step process from heated glass by using molds made typically from tungsten carbide (WC) with a precisely machined and smooth surface. To prevent friction and wear of the molds, different strategies like surface coating or optimization of process parameters can be applied. In both cases, it is essential to understand the specific tribological system formed by the pressing tool and the heated glass in an increasingly rubbery state around the transition temperature. First high-temperature friction measurements between WC and glass have been performed using equipment, closely resembling the geometry used in PGM [5, 6]
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