Abstract
In the past few years, triboelectric nanogenerator-based (TENG-based) hybrid generators and systems have experienced a widespread and flourishing development, ranging among almost every aspect of our lives, e.g., from industry to consumer, outdoor to indoor, and wearable to implantable applications. Although TENG technology has been extensively investigated for mechanical energy harvesting, most developed TENGs still have limitations of small output current, unstable power generation, and low energy utilization rate of multisource energies. To harvest the ubiquitous/coexisted energy forms including mechanical, thermal, and solar energy simultaneously, a promising direction is to integrate TENG with other transducing mechanisms, e.g., electromagnetic generator, piezoelectric nanogenerator, pyroelectric nanogenerator, thermoelectric generator, and solar cell, forming the hybrid generator for synergetic single-source and multisource energy harvesting. The resultant TENG-based hybrid generators utilizing integrated transducing mechanisms are able to compensate for the shortcomings of each mechanism and overcome the above limitations, toward achieving a maximum, reliable, and stable output generation. Hence, in this review, we systematically introduce the key technologies of the TENG-based hybrid generators and hybridized systems, in the aspects of operation principles, structure designs, optimization strategies, power management, and system integration. The recent progress of TENG-based hybrid generators and hybridized systems for the outdoor, indoor, wearable, and implantable applications is also provided. Lastly, we discuss our perspectives on the future development trend of hybrid generators and hybridized systems in environmental monitoring, human activity sensation, human-machine interaction, smart home, healthcare, wearables, implants, robotics, Internet of things (IoT), and many other fields.
Highlights
With the gradual rollout of the 5G (5th-generation mobile networks) technology across the world, the role of the Internet of things (IoT) is becoming more and more essential in both industrial and commercial developments [1]
To meet the above requirements, the ideal energy supply units should possess the characteristics of portability, sustainability, miniaturization, wearability, and implantability depending on the applications [2,3,4,5,6,7]
We systematically summarize the recent development of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG)-based hybrid generators and hybridized systems in terms of outdoor, indoor, wearable, and implantable applications
Summary
With the gradual rollout of the 5G (5th-generation mobile networks) technology across the world, the role of the Internet of things (IoT) is becoming more and more essential in both industrial and commercial developments [1]. In this review, we systematically introduce the key technologies and the recent progress in the TENG-based hybrid generators and hybridized systems: (1) principles of different types of transducing mechanisms and generators; (2) strategies for enhancing the output performance of TENGs; (3) applications of TENG-based hybrid generators in the outdoor, indoor, and on-human-body scenarios; (4) strategies for achieving efficient power management and energy storage; and (5) demonstrations of functional and self-sustainable hybridized systems for various applications These sections summarize the development trend of the TENG-based hybrid generators and hybridized systems in the aspects of operation principles, structure designs, optimization strategies, power management, system integration, and applications. Conclusions and perspectives on the existing challenges and future trends are provided, which give a glimpse of the further development of hybrid generators and hybridized systems in the IoT era
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