Abstract
The chemical class chloro-s-triazines herbicides includes atrazine, simazine, propazine, and terbuthylazine. For atrazine and simazine and their metabolites desethyl-s-atrazine, desisopropyl-s-atrazine (DIA), and diaminochlorotriazine, US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has conducted a cumulative risk assessment based on neuroendocrine effects as the common mechanism of toxicity. Chronic studies showed an elevated incidence of mammary tumors in female Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats, but not in Fischer rats or mice. Epidemiological studies did not show evidence of carcinogenicity. The US EPA and the European Union determined a rat-specific hormonal mechanism for mammary tumors that is not relevant to humans. International Agency for Research on Cancer has placed atrazine into Group 3: not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity in humans. The US EPA Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) Science Advisory Panel did not agree that a lack of strong evidence justifies a conclusion that atrazine is not likely to be a human carcinogen. The reduction of LH may occur in humans and produce other effects. Data deficiencies exist and the effects on the endocrine, neurotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and developmental and reproductive effects continue to be a subject of discussion and research.
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