Abstract
Explicit dynamic codes which are used currently for the study of plastic deformations in impact, or with some modification for metal forming, suffer two serious limitations. First, only quadrilateral or hexahedral linear elements can be used thus limiting the possibilities of adaptive refinement and adaptive meshing. Second, even with the use of such elements, special devices such as reduced integration must be introduced to avoid locking and reduce costs. These necessitate complex hour glass control, mending-type procedures. The main difficulties are those due to the need of treatment of (almost) incompressible deformation modes. Recently, similar difficulties have been overcome in the context of fluid dynamics soil dynamics and we show here how the processes introduced there can be adopted effectively to the present problem, thus allowing an almost unrestricted choice of element interpolations. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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