Abstract
A combined vaccine of Equine influenza (EI), equine herpesvirus–1 (EHV-1), rabies virus and tetanus toxoid adjuvanted with saponin and Alhydrogel was prepared. Quality control testing of such vaccine revealed that it was free from foreign contaminants, safe for Guinea-pigs, mice and mares. It was inoculated into Guinea -pigs as a preliminary evaluation for its potency and it was proven safe and potent. Also, it exceeded the permissible protective level allowed to be used for the vaccination of horses. Two groups of mares were used for evaluating the potency of the vaccine. The first one received two doses (5 ml) of the prepared vaccine with 4 weeks interval while the 2nd group was kept without vaccination as control. The mean haemagglutination inhibition (HI) influenza antibody titer reached its maximum at the 2nd month post-vaccination (MPV); 2048 while EHV-1 antibodies reached the peak at the 3rd MPV as recorded by ELISA and neutralizing indices; 1790 and 3.50. Rabies antibodies were detectable in vaccinated mares by the 2nd week post-vaccination showing titers of 16 and 1.0 by serum neutralization test (SNT) and ELISA, respectively recording their peaks (128 by SNT and 2.15 by ELISA) at the 2nd MPV. Tetanus antitoxic titer increased till reaching the peak at the 2nd MPV (40IU/ml) as determined by toxin neutralization test. Depending on these results, it could be concluded that the prepared inactivated EI, EHV-1, rabies and tetanus vaccine is safe and potent for mares providing them with good protective levels of specific antibodies against the 4 used antigens up to not less than 6 months.
Highlights
Equine herpes viruses (EHVs) belong to the Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious viral respiratory disease characterized by fever, depression, mucoid or mucopurulent discharge and coughing which develop after a short incubation period
Strains used for vaccine preparations A locally identified freeze-dried equine influenza virus (A/equi-2/Egypt /6066 NAMRU3VSVRI/2008) egg passage three (EP3) (Magda et al, 2011) and locally isolated freeze dried equine herpesvirus–1 DOI:https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/j (EHV-1) (EHV-1/Egypt/ Veterinary Serum and Vaccine Research Institute (VSVRI)/Zahraa /2014)at its VERO cell passage two (VEp2) were supplied by the Department of Equine Vaccine Research (DEVR), Veterinary serum and vaccine Researches Institute (VSVRI), Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt Tissue culture adapted Evelyn Rokitnicki Abelseth (ERA) rabies virus strain was kindly supplied in a lyophilized form by WHO Collaborating Center for References and Researches in rabies Pasteur, Paris-France Lyophilized C. tetani strain (Harvard strain, 49805) obtained from Antigen and Sera Department, VSVRI, Abbassia, Cairo, Egypt
Horses are commonly vaccinated to be protected against pathogens which are endemic within the general horse population, such as EIV and EHV-1, and against a variety of diseases which are less common but lead to greater morbidity and mortality, such as tetanus (Ribeiro et al, 2018) and rabies (Schwarz et al, 2020)
Summary
Equine herpes viruses (EHVs) belong to the Equine influenza (EI) is a highly contagious viral respiratory disease characterized by fever, depression, mucoid or mucopurulent discharge and coughing which develop after a short incubation period. The family is subdivided into three subfamilies (α, βand γ) based on tissue tropism, pathogenicity and behavior in tissue culture (Davison et al, 2002). Both EHV1and 4 are economically important and affect the respiratory tracts of horses worldwide (Allen and Bryans, 1986). EHV-1 is an alpha herpes virus that causes a broad range of manifestations in horses, including a central nervous system disease that includes spinal cord and brain disorders (myeloencephalopathy), respiratory disease, abortions, perinatal death and chorioretinopathy
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