Trends in U.S. Insulin Use and Glucose Monitoring for People with Diabetes: 2009-2018.

Abstract

The delivery and administration of insulin has undergone many changes over the years. This research examines U.S. trends in insulin use among people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the U.S. from 2009 to 2018. The IBM® MarketScan® Commercial and Medicare databases were used to identify trends in insulin use over 10 years. The study included people with T1D or T2D who filled a prescription for insulin in any calendar year from 2009 to 2018. The analyses examined insulin regimen and delivery and the use of glucose monitoring systems. Generalized estimating equations were used to test whether trends were statistically significant. Individuals with T1D were most commonly prescribed a basal and bolus insulin regimen or short/rapid insulin only, while for people with T2D the use of basal-only insulin increased significantly over the study period. In both groups there was a significant decline in the use of premix insulin from 2009 to 2018. Insulin pump use increased for individuals with T1D, while disposable pen use increased for people in both cohorts. In both cohorts, there was a statistically significant increase in the use of continuous glucose monitoring, although this increase was more pronounced and occurred earlier among individuals with T1D. Results indicate significant changes in insulin regimens and delivery and glucose monitoring from 2009 to 2018. These findings suggest that insulin prescribing continues to change in response to the development of new therapeutics, advances in insulin delivery technology, and glucose monitoring systems.