Trends in prescriptions of lithium and other medications for patients with bipolar disorder in office-based practices in the United States: 1996–2015

Abstract

BackgroundStudies have shown that rates of lithium use for bipolar disorder in the United States declined through the 1990s as other mood stabilizing anticonvulsants and second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) became more popular. We examined trends of medications for bipolar disorder from 1996 to 2015. MethodsTwenty years of data from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) were used. Weighted percentages of reported use of lithium, anticonvulsants, SGAs and antidepressants were calculated over two-year intervals. Logistic regression was used to examine factors related to polytherapy. ResultsReported use of lithium declined from 38.1% (95%CI: 29.8% - 46.3%) in 1996–97 to 14.3% (95%CI: 10.6% - 18.1%) in 2006–07 and has remained stable since. During this time, reports of SGAs more than doubled. SGAs and/or anticonvulsants were reported in 75.4% (95%CI: 69.5% - 81.3%) of visits with bipolar diagnoses in 2014–15. Polytherapy increased by approximately 3% every two years and in 2014–15 occurred in over 30% of visits. Antidepressants were reported in 40–50% of visits, but their reported use without other mood stabilizers decreased from 18.2% (95%CI: 11.7% - 24.8%) in 1998–99 to 7.5% (95%CI: 4.2% - 10.9%) in 2014–15. LimitationsThe sample had limited power to study the effect of individual medications or the potential for differing effects in certain sub-groups of patients. ConclusionsThis study further documents the declining use of lithium for bipolar disorder, and corresponding increase in use of anticonvulsants and SGAs, despite the fact that lithium is typically recommended as a first line therapy for bipolar disorder.