Abstract
Particle identification techniques are fundamental tools in nuclear physics experiments. Discriminating particles or nuclei produced in nuclear interactions allows to better understand the underlying physics mechanisms. The energy interval of these reactions is very broad, from sub-eV up to TeV. For this reason, many different identification approaches have been developed, often combining two or more observables. This paper reviews several of these techniques with emphasis on the expertise gained within the current nuclear physics scientific program of the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN).
Highlights
To achieve their physics goals, nuclear physics experiments often need to identify particles or nuclei produced in the studied reactions
There are some limits of the pulse shape analysis (PSA) technique in CsI(Tl) scintillators: first, neutrons may interact with the crystal via (n,p) or (n,α) reactions and they appear overlapped to protons or α particles in the correlation; second, protons can experience interactions (Coulomb or nuclear elastic scattering and reactions) which, in some cases, produce events characterized by an incomplete energy deposition (IED)
In the same paper the quality of PSA is compared between front mounted and rear-mounted detectors: the study shows that the identification threshold is much lower in the latter case, while there is no impact on energy resolution
Summary
To achieve their physics goals, nuclear physics experiments often need to identify particles or nuclei produced in the studied reactions. Each experiment developed specific and challenging solutions for its particle identification needs, adapting the techniques to the interval of energies to be covered, from eV particles produced in low energy machines up to GeV ones produced at colliders These needs allowed the INFN groups to gain a huge expertise in the development and operation of detectors for Particle IDentification (PID). The main emphasis will be on the techniques used, the specific performances depending on the needs of the experiments and being not directly comparable As it will become clear in the present review, PID is a way to identify particles or nuclear states and study their properties, and offers a strategy to distinguish the type of reaction on the basis of the final products. The review is organized as follows: after a brief introduction of the different experiments, the various PID analyses are grouped according to the used technique and they are described in detail by means of specific applications
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