Trends in Orange Juice Consumption and Nutrient Adequacy in Children 2003-2016

Theresa A Nicklas,Carol E O’Neil,Rabab Saab,Victor L Fulgoni

doi:10.6000/1929-4247.2020.09.03.2

Abstract

This study aimed to examine secular trends in 100% orange juice (OJ) consumption and trends in nutrient adequacy in children 2-18 years participating in the 2003-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the usual intake. Ten deciles of OJ consumption were determined based on intakes with non-consumers in the first decile. Nutrient adequacy was determined using the percentage below the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) or the Adequate Intake (AI) percentage. Linear regression coefficients for changes in intake over time and across deciles of OJ were generated. Approximately 14% of the total sample consumed OJ with a mean intake of 40.0 g/d (77 KJ [0.9% of total energy intake]). Amounts of all 100% fruit juices consumed decreased by 44%, and whole fruit intake increased by approximately 32% from 2003-2016. Consumption of total energy, total carbohydrates, added sugars, and saturated fatty acids decreased. Intakes of folate, riboflavin, zinc, and vitamin C decreased from 2003-2016. The percentage of children below the EAR increased for vitamin C and zinc and decreased for vitamin A from 2003-2016. Percent of children above the AI increased for fiber. Across the deciles of OJ consumption, the percent of children with an inadequate vitamin D intake, calcium, iron, and phosphorus decreased. OJ and other 100% juices were major food sources of many nutrients consumed at levels below recommendations. One strategy to reduce inadequate intake of calcium, phosphorus, and potassium intake is to maintain or increase the consumption of OJ and other 100% juices

Highlights

One hundred percent fruit juices (FJ) contribute various key vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds to the diet
Of the total sample (n=21,995), approximately 14% reported consuming orange juice (OJ) with an average mean intake of 40.0 ± 1.7 g/d (1.33 ± 0.06 fl oz); which was equivalent to 77.0 ± 3.3 KJ (18.4 ± 0.8 kcal) or 0.96 ± 0.04% of total energy intake
There was no significant trend over time in consumption of total fruits, there was an increase in consumption of whole fruits (β=0.03 cup eq/cycle, p=0.0005) and a decrease in consumption of FJ (β=0.04 cup eq/cycle, p=< 0.0001), for both OJ (β=-4.46 g/cycle, p=< 0.0001) and other 100 % juices (β=-3.24 g/cycle, p=0.0002)

Summary

Introduction

One hundred percent fruit juices (FJ) contribute various key vitamins, minerals, and other bioactive compounds to the diet. Several studies have investigated the effects of 100 % FJ on nutrient intakes [2,3,4,5,6,7], diet quality [2, 8, 9], and the health status of consumers [2,3,4, 9]. Twenty-two studies have provided evidence that did not support an association between 100 % FJ consumption and weight status in children. Limited evidence suggested that children consuming 100% FJ had higher intake and adequacy of vitamin C, potassium, magnesium, and dietary fiber. Auerbach et al [4] recently published a meta-analysis on the subject of FJ and childhood and adolescent

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