Abstract
BackgroundCesarean delivery occurs in one in three US births and poses risks for mothers and infants. Hispanic cesarean rates were higher than non-Hispanic white rates in the US in 2016. In 2009, cesarean rates among Hispanics on the US-Mexico border exceeded rates among US Hispanics. Since 2009, rates have declined nationwide, but border Hispanic rates have not been studied.ObjectiveTo compare cesarean delivery rates and trends in Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in border and nonborder counties of the four US border states before and after 2009.Study DesignWe used data from birth certificates to calculate percentages of cesarean deliveries among all births and births to low-risk nulliparous women during 2000–2015, and among births to low-risk women with and without a previous cesarean during 2009–2015. We calculated 95% confidence intervals around rates and used regular and piecewise linear regression to estimate trends for four ethnic-geographic subpopulations defined by combinations of Hispanic ethnicity and border-nonborder status.ResultsOf the four subpopulations, border Hispanic rates were highest every year for all cesarean outcomes. In 2015 they were 38.3% overall, 31.4% among low-risk nulliparous women, and 21.1% and 94.6% among low-risk women without and with a previous cesarean, respectively. Nonborder Hispanic rates in 2015 were lowest for all outcomes but repeat cesarean. Rates for all four subpopulations rose steadily during 2000–2009. Unlike rates for non-Hispanic whites, border and nonborder Hispanic rates did not decline post-2009. Most of the border Hispanic excess can be attributed to higher cesarean rates in Texas.DiscussionBorder Hispanic cesarean rates remain higher than those among other Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites in border states and show no signs of declining. This continuing disparity warrants further analysis using individual as well as hospital, environmental and other contextual factors to help target prevention measures.
Highlights
In 1996, one in five American babies was born by cesarean delivery (CD)
Most of the border Hispanic excess can be attributed to higher cesarean rates in Texas
The highest rates of Medicare spending in Texas are found in some health referral regions on the border [26], and this study shows much higher CD rates in border than in nonborder Texas counties
Summary
By 2009, the proportion was nearly one in three [1] This increase generated concern because CD, while critically important in some circumstances, increases the risks of complications for both mothers and infants [2]. ACOG and the Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine issued guidelines regarding prevention of CD, noting that there was still significant concern that cesarean section was being overused [7,8]. Despite these efforts, 31.9% of all babies in the US were born by CD in 2016 [9]. Since 2009, rates have declined nationwide, but border Hispanic rates have not been studied
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