Abstract
Washington State University's apple breeding program (WABP) was initiated in 1994 to select new apple cultivars with improved eating quality, appearance, and storability that are suitable for production in the main growing regions of the state. Fruit quality is phenotyped using various instrumental measures, such as penetrometers (texture), titrator (acidity), and refractometer (soluble solids concentration; SSC), as well as sensory assessment. The selection regime of WABP occurs in three sequential phases: phase one (P1)—single, unreplicated seedlings at one site, phase two (P2)—replicated selections at three geographically diverse sites, and phase three (P3)—highly replicated elite selections at one to two grower sites. Most of the data collection of WABP occurs in P2. Knowledge of trends/changes associated with advancing selections is essential for understanding the selection criteria and progress of WABP throughout the changing compositions of advancing and culling selections. For each post-harvest trait, P2 data from harvest years 2005 to 2019 were split across sites, and between selections and reference cultivars (e.g., Cripps Pink, Gala, and Honeycrisp). Means of instrumental crispness (Cn) and inner cortex firmness for the advancing selections increased gradually over this period and were significantly higher than those for cultivars. Means of outer cortex firmness measurements were stable for selections but significantly higher than those for cultivars. The average fruit acidity of selections increased marginally over this period and was higher than that of the cultivars. Meanwhile, the average fruit SSCs of selections and cultivars were statistically indistinguishable. These 15-year trends indicate that WABP has been selecting apples with improved eating quality and storability through increased crispness and inner cortex firmness, respectively.
Highlights
The Washington State University apple breeding program (WABP) was initiated in 1994 to develop new, improved apple cultivars that are suitable for production in the main growing regions of the state and that are available to all commercial Washington apple growers
In comparison with maximum hardness in region 2 (R2) (M2) or the inner cortex fruit firmness measure, maximum hardness in R1 (M1) trends are more stable across sites throughout this period
While cultivar M2 means generally stagnated from 2015 to 2019, those of P2 selections tended to increase during this period across the three sites (Figure 1B)
Summary
The Washington State University apple breeding program (WABP) was initiated in 1994 to develop new, improved apple cultivars that are suitable for production in the main growing regions of the state and that are available to all commercial Washington apple growers. The primary breeding targets of WABP are improved eating quality, appearance, and storability (Evans, 2013). The selection regime of WABP occurs in three sequential phases after seedling production in the greenhouse. In phase one (P1), unreplicated seedling trees are planted at one research site. Fruit sampling begins in the sixth year when 10 fruits from trees with desirable appearance and eating quality are harvested at Cornell starch-iodine indices between three and five (Blanpied and Silsby, 1992) and stored in the regular atmosphere (RA) at 1–2◦C for 2 months prior to assessment. Promising unreplicated seedling trees are tested more fully in years 7 and 8 with increased fruit samples for 1–2◦C RA storage of two and four months prior to assessment. The best P1 seedlings are selected and propagated for planting in phase two (P2)
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