Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance is a threat to human health, particularly within vulnerable populations in the hospital and acute care settings. This leads to increasing healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality. Bacteria rapidly evolve novel mechanisms of resistance and methods of antimicrobial evasion. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii have all been identified as pathogens with particularly high rates of resistance to antibiotics, resulting in a reducing pool of available treatments for these organisms. Effectively combating this issue requires both preventative and reactive measures. Reducing the spread of resistant pathogens, as well as reducing the rate of evolution of resistance is complex. Such a task requires a more judicious use of antibiotics through a better understanding of infection epidemiology, resistance patterns, and guidelines for treatment. These goals can best be achieved through the implementation of antimicrobial stewardship programs and the development and introduction of new drugs capable of eradicating multi-drug resistant Gram-negative pathogens (MDR GNB). The purpose of this article is to review current trends in MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections in the hospitalized setting, as well as current guidelines for management. Finally, new and emerging antimicrobials, as well as future considerations for combating antibiotic resistance on a global scale are discussed.
Highlights
Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem around the world with an estimated 2.8 million antibiotic resistant infections occurring per year in the United States alone
Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii make up the majority of Gram-negative hospital acquired infections (HAI) in the U.S, and they are becoming exceedingly resistant to antibiotics
As we look forward in the fight against antimicrobial resistance, we must consider proper antibiotic stewardship in line with the development of new drugs in our defense
Summary
Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem around the world with an estimated 2.8 million antibiotic resistant infections occurring per year in the United States alone. “Serious threats” are those that need monitoring as they have the ability to become imminent threats to public health Those Gram-negative bacteria included multi-drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter, extended spectrum βlactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL), MDR Pseudomonas aeruginosa, drug resistant salmonella, and shigella [1,2]. Carbapenem resistant Acinetobacter baumannii and Enterobacteriaceae spp. have moved to the top of the list with an estimated 281 million dollars in U.S healthcare costs in 2017. There are fewer and fewer antimicrobials available that are effective in treating these infections, and so, the problem further escalates This issue is becoming especially problematic in hospitals and acute care settings. Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Acinetobacter baumannii make up the majority of Gram-negative HAI in the U.S, and they are becoming exceedingly resistant to antibiotics. Given the increase in morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden that these organisms are responsible for, it is imperative to focus on infection prevention, adequate infection management, and the development of novel, targeted Gram-negative bacterial therapies
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
