Abstract
BackgroundThe objectives of this study are to document the trend on utilisation of four or more (4+) antenatal care (ANC) over the last 22 years period and to explore the determinants and inequity of 4+ ANC utilisation as reported by the last two Bangladesh Demographic and Health surveys (BDHS) (2011 and 2014).MethodsThe data related to ANC have been extracted from the BDHS data set which is available online as an open source. STATA 13 software was used for organising and analysing the data. The outcome variable considered for this study was utilisation of 4+ ANC. Trends of 4+ ANC were measured in percentage and predictors for 4+ ANC were measured through bivariate and multivariable analysis. The concentration index was estimated for assessing inequity in 4+ ANC utilisation.ResultsUtilisation of 4+ ANC has increased by about 26% between the year 1994 and 2014. Higher level of education, residing in urban region and richest wealth quintile were found to be significant predictors. The utilisation of 4+ ANC has decreased with increasing parity and maternal age. The inequity indices showed consistent inequities in 4+ ANC utilisation, and such inequities were increased between 2011 and 2014.ConclusionsIn Bangladesh, the utilisation of any ANC rose steadily between 1994 and 2014, but progress in terms of 4+ ANC utilisation was much slower as the expectation was to achieve the national set target (50%: 4+ ANC utilisation) by 2016. Socio-economic inequities were observed in groups that failed to attend a 4+ ANC visit. Policymakers should pay special attention to increase the 4+ ANC coverage where this study can facilitate to identify the target groups whom need to be intervened on priority basis.
Highlights
The objectives of this study are to document the trend on utilisation of four or more (4+) antenatal care (ANC) over the last 22 years period and to explore the determinants and inequity of 4+ ANC utilisation as reported by the last two Bangladesh Demographic and Health surveys (BDHS) (2011 and 2014)
Bangladesh has made a remarkable progress in achieving the targets for Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 4 and 5, maternal mortality ratio (MMR) (170 per 100,000 live births) [1] and neonatal mortality rate (NMR) (28 per 1000 live births) [2] are still considerably high
A study from Bangladesh found that women who had one or no ANC visit were two times more likely to suffer from a perinatal death compared with women who had three or more ANC visits [17]
Summary
The objectives of this study are to document the trend on utilisation of four or more (4+) antenatal care (ANC) over the last 22 years period and to explore the determinants and inequity of 4+ ANC utilisation as reported by the last two Bangladesh Demographic and Health surveys (BDHS) (2011 and 2014). One of the major reasons for these high mortality rates is low utilisation of maternal health services such as antenatal care (ANC), skilled birth attendance (SBA) at delivery and postnatal care (PNC) [3]. Certain predictors ranged from health system to user’s attributes are responsible for ANC utilisation in developing countries like Bangladesh. These are availability, accessibility, quality of ANC, women’s. A study from Bangladesh found that women who had one or no ANC visit were two times more likely to suffer from a perinatal death compared with women who had three or more ANC visits [17]
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