Trends and consumption patterns in the use of e-cigarettes among adolescents and young adults in Germany (the DEBRA study)

Abstract

IntroductionConsidering the growing popularity and rapid evolution of e-cigarettes, we examined e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking trends, and e-cigarette consumption patterns (i.e., device type, nicotine level) among adolescents and young adults in Germany. MethodsData from 26 waves of the German Study on Tobacco Use (DEBRA), a repeated cross-sectional nationwide household survey, were used to explore trends in the prevalence of ever e-cigarette use and tobacco smoking in a sample of adolescents (aged 14–17 years, N = 1,396) and young adults (aged 18–24 years, N = 4,685) between June/July 2016 and Aug/Sept 2020. Among current e-cigarette users (N = 208), consumption patterns were examined. Associations with e-cigarette use were analysed using multivariable regression. ResultsAdolescent e-cigarette use increased from 9.2% in 2016 to 16.5% in 2017, decreased in 2018 to 8.3% and then gradually increased to 13.4% by 2020. Adolescent tobacco smoking followed a similar trend. Young adult e-cigarette use rates remained relatively stable at 19.1% on average, while tobacco smoking slowly declined (2016: 44.7%, 2020: 38.5%). More than half of current e-cigarette users used refillable-style e-cigarettes (59.4% adolescents; 68.4% young adults) and also smoked tobacco (62.5% adolescents; 79.4% young adults). About 41.6% of adolescents and 56.0% of young adults vaped with nicotine. Among young adults, men (OR = 1.5; 95%CI: 1.3–1.8) and former (OR = 9.6; 95%CI: 1.1–13.1) and current (OR = 10.7; 95%CI: 8.7–13.2) tobacco smokers were more likely to have vaped. ConclusionE-cigarette use continues to rise in German adolescents and young adults requiring targeted health interventions and campaigns aimed at preventing and/or reducing use in this population.