Abstract
Primary gallbladder cancer is an aggressive and uncommon cancer with poor outcomes. Our study examines epidemiology, trend, and survival of gallbladder cancer in the United States from 1973 to 2009. We utilized the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database (SEER). Frequency and rate analyses on demographics, stage, and survival were compared among non‐Hispanic whites, Hispanics, African American, and Asian/Pacific Islanders. A total of 18,124 cases were reported in SEER from 1973 to 2009 comprising 1.4% of all reported gastrointestinal cancers. Gallbladder cancer was more common in females than males (71 vs. 29%, respectively). The age‐adjusted incidence rate was 1.4 per 100,000, significantly higher in females than males (1.7 vs. 1.0). Trend analysis showed that the incidence rate has been decreasing over the last three decades for males. However, among females, the incidence rate had decreased from 1973 to mid‐90s but has remained stable since then. Trend analysis for stage at diagnosis showed that the proportion of late‐stage cases has been increasing significantly since 2001 after a decreasing pattern since 1973. Survival has improved considerably over time, and survival is better in females than males and in Asian/Pacific Islanders than other racial groups. The highest survival was in patients who received both surgery and radiation. Trend analysis revealed a recent increase of the incidence of late‐stage gallbladder cancer. Highest survival was associated with receiving both surgery and radiation.
Highlights
Primary gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare gastrointestinal malignancy but is the most common cancer arising in the biliary tract, representing 80–95% of all biliary tract cancers worldwide [1, 2]
Incidence steadily increases with age in both sexes, women are affected 2–6 times more often than men, and GBC is more common in non-Hispanic whites (NHW) than in African Americans (AA) [2, 4]
A total of 18,124 incident cases of GBC were reported in Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database (SEER) database from 1973 to 2009
Summary
Primary gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a rare gastrointestinal malignancy but is the most common cancer arising in the biliary tract, representing 80–95% of all biliary tract cancers worldwide [1, 2]. Based on the available data, the incidence of GBC is 1–2 cases per 100,000 population in the US [2, 3]. Incidence steadily increases with age in both sexes, women are affected 2–6 times more often than men, and GBC is more common in non-Hispanic whites (NHW) than in African Americans (AA) [2, 4]. Several risk factors have been identified for GBC including gallstone disease, gallbladder polyps, chronic infection (Salmonella, Helicobacter), congenital biliary cyst, abnormal pancreaticobiliary duct junction, carcinogen exposure, obesity, and diabetes mellitus [5, 6]
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