Tree-Based Models Using Random Grid Search Optimization for Disease Classification Based on Environmental Factors: A Case Study on Asthma Hospitalizations

Abstract

An understanding on the exposure to environmental factors aggravating global disease burden can aid mitigating it. Generally, a class of generalized linear models and generalized additive models are used in predicting disease burden whereas, tree-based models are underused. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the performance of different tree-based models namely decision tree, random forest, gradient boosted tree and stochastic gradient boosted trees in predicting asthma attack based on short-term exposure to environmental factors and to examine the environmental factors triggering asthma attack. A sample of patients during 2013 - 2015 from different parts of Victoria was considered. The study area for the considered study period had reasonably good air quality and relatively humid environment. The tree-based models were tuned using random grid search optimization with bootstrapping to address over-fitting. The models considered performed well in predicting asthma attacks in terms of area under the receiver operating curve (ROC AUC) (>0.82). All the gradient boosted trees (accuracy = 76%; recall = 63%; F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> -score = 64%) showed better overall prediction whereas decision tree (accuracy = 71%; recall = 75%; F <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> -score = 71%) outperformed other models in identifying the positive cases. Tree-based models revealed that O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> exposure consistently influence Asthma. Further, decision tree revealed O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> exposure < 13 ppb or with high O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> exposure >= 13 ppb, and with [SO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> exposure < 0.5 ppb and maximum wind speed > 5.4. km/hr.] influenced Asthma. In addition, relative humidity and exposure to CO were also detected in other tree-based models as relevant predictors triggering asthma attacks.