Abstract
Few empirical studies have addressed the impact of trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on treatment utilisation and outcome in South African youth. This study was undertaken to document demographic, clinical, and treatment characteristics of child and adolescent inpatients with PTSD. A retrospective chart study of all patients presenting to a child and adolescent inpatient unit was conducted between 1994-1996. For children and adolescents diagnosed with PTSD; demographic, diagnostic and treatment variables, including trauma type, family history, and delays in treatment seeking, were documented. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatient Unit, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town. Children and adolescents (2 to 18 years) presenting to an inpatient unit (n = 737). 10.3% (n = 76) met diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Gender differences were clearly evident: PTSD was six times more prevalent in girls (65 with PTSD were female and 11 were male); girls were most likely to have experienced rape or sexual abuse while boys were most likely to have witnessed a killing. Psychotherapy was the most common intervention for PTSD, followed by treatment with a tricyclic antidepressant. 97.4% of children and adolescents who were treated demonstrated significant improvement. Delays in seeking treatment and problems with the primary support group were highly prevalent. PTSD is a common disorder that is responsive to treatment with psychotherapy and/or tricyclic antidepressants in child and adolescent inpatients. These findings underscore the importance of early identification and treatment of childhood PTSD in mental health settings, in particular tertiary service institutions.
Highlights
Despite international research showing that an alarmingly high number of children are exposed to trauma as victims or witnesses and develop posttraumatic stress dis order (PTSD) (Pine &Cohen, 2002:519-531; Donnelly & Amaya-Jackson, 2002:159-170; Giaconia et al, 1995:1369 1381, Pynoos et al, 1993:239-247), empirical studies of PTSD in children have lagged behind those of adult populations
South Africa is characterized by high levels of com munity violence and trauma, few empirical studies have docu mented rates of trauma exposure and PTSD among South African children and adolescents
These findings indicate that South African youth are at a high risk for both violence exposure and PTSD symptomatology
Summary
Despite international research showing that an alarmingly high number of children are exposed to trauma as victims or witnesses and develop posttraumatic stress dis order (PTSD) (Pine &Cohen, 2002:519-531; Donnelly & Amaya-Jackson, 2002:159-170; Giaconia et al, 1995:1369 1381, Pynoos et al, 1993:239-247), empirical studies of PTSD in children have lagged behind those of adult populations. South Africa is characterized by high levels of com munity violence and trauma, few empirical studies have docu mented rates of trauma exposure and PTSD among South African children and adolescents. A study of 60 South Afri can children aged 10 to 16 years residing in a historically disadvantaged community found that 56% had been victims of violence, 95% had witnessed violence, and 21.7% met cri teria for PTSD (Ensink et al, 1997:1526-1530). A study of pre-school children living in South African townships docu mented PTSD in over 70% (Magwaza et al, 1993:795-803). These findings indicate that South African youth are at a high risk for both violence exposure and PTSD symptomatology
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