Abstract
Many guidelines and standard therapies have been published for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Multiple options for the treatment of early to intermediate-stage HCC have resulted in several differences between the guidelines. In addition, more than a few non-standard therapies have been used in a real-world clinical setting. Radiofrequency ablation or chemotherapy, including hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy and molecular target agents, are sometimes selected for the treatment of intermediate HCC, whereas in many guidelines, the recommended therapy for these patients is transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. The present status of these topics is reviewed and summarized.
Highlights
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most important medical problems worldwide [1].Hepatitis B and C virus infections are well known as major causes of HCC
The development of direct-acting antivirals and nucleoside analogs can eradicate or suppress hepatitis virus infections and the number of hepatitis virus-related HCC cases has decreased, HCC still occurs in patients with hepatitis
We focus on non-surgical treatments and attempt to elucidate the present status of and the practical strategies for the treatment of early to intermediate-stage HCC
Summary
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most important medical problems worldwide [1]. According to the increasing knowledge of risk factors and the prevalence of surveillance systems, the number of HCC cases detected at an early stage has increased [3]. Patients in whom HCC is detected early are candidates for curative treatments, such as surgery or radiofrequency ablation (RFA). There are several guidelines for the treatment of HCC [4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11]. The option of liver transplantation for the treatment of early HCC differs among the guidelines and is controversial and difficult to perform because of a shortage of donors, especially in Asian regions. Application of RFA or chemotherapy regimens, including hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) and molecular target agents (MTA), are prevalent, non-standard therapies for intermediate-stage HCC.
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