Abstract

Wastewater produced during the wine-making process often contains an order of magnitude greater chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration than is typical of domestic wastewater. This waste stream is also highly variable in flow and composition due to the seasonality of wine-making. The recent growth of small-scale wineries in cold climates and increasing regulations present a need for low-cost, easily-operable treatment systems that do not require large amounts of land, yet maintain a high level of treatment in cool temperatures. This research investigates the use of a subsurface vertical flow constructed wetland (SVFCW) to treat winery wastewater. In this study, clinoptilolite, tire chips, and a nano-enhanced iron foam were used to enhance bench-scale gravel cells to adsorb ammonia, nitrate, and phosphorus, respectively. The treatment systems, without nitrogen adsorption media, performed well, with >99% removal of COD and 94% removal of total nitrogen. Treatment systems with the nitrogen adsorption media did not enhance nitrogen removal. Equilibrium was reached within two weeks of start-up, regardless of prior inoculation, which suggests that microbes present in the winery wastewater are sufficient for the start-up of the wastewater treatment system; therefore, the seasonality of winery wastewater production will not substantially impact treatment. Operating the treatment systems under cool temperatures did not significantly impact COD or total nitrogen removal. Further, the use of nano-enhanced iron foam exhibited 99.8% removal of phosphorus, which resulted in effluent concentrations that were below 0.102 mg/L P.

Highlights

  • In 2018, wine production reached a record volume, with over 293 million hectoliters being produced globally [1]

  • Across all of the treatment systems and phases, over 90% of the total chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal occurred in the first column

  • No significant differences in COD removal were observed between the control system and the treatment systems with the nitrogen adsorption media (p > 0.05)

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Summary

Introduction

In 2018, wine production reached a record volume, with over 293 million hectoliters being produced globally [1]. Only 341 of the 10,185 wineries in the United States are classified as medium or large, and the rest are classified as small, very small, or limited production [2]. These smaller wineries dominate the Michigan wine industry. In 2018, there were nearly 150 wineries [3], 71% of which were ten acres or less in size [4] These 150 wineries bottle more than 11.3 million liters (>3 million gallons) of wine annually [5]. For every liter of wine produced, 2.86–4 L of wastewater is generated [6,7], which suggested that Michigan produced 45.4 million liters (12 million gallons) of winery wastewater in 2018

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