Treatment of water from heavy metal by using electrochemical techniques

Abstract

A matter of concern worldwide is the pollution of water by heavy-metal ions. These ions happen naturally, and additionally waste of industrial, waste of emitting radiation, spills of environmental and different waste. Quantification and detection of heavy metals, in addition to their control below certain permitted limits in air, soils, water and media of food, has become the main priority of numerous countries and international organizations because of the destructiveness of these elements. This review shows the water treatment using electrochemical techniques to remove different heavy-metal ions, biodegradability, and toxicity levels, including their advantages and disadvantages. Ion-selective electrodes are instruments used in potentiometric analysis. They have analytical applications in fields, for example, pharmaceutical analysis, environment analysis, and quality assurance in different fabrications.