Abstract

Over the past few decades, advances in medical science have improved the prognosis of patients with cardiovascular diseases . However, the mortality rates for heart failure remain as high as those for advanced cancer . Patients with severe chronic heart failure due to ischemic cardiomyopathy or dilated cardiomyopathy are often resistant to conventional therapy, and cardiac transplantation is the only radical treatment. Unfortunately, only approximately 4,000 patients every year worldwide have the chance of cardiac transplantation [1].

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