Abstract
This study investigated the potential of palm kernel shell (PKS) as a biomass feed for adsorbent production. This work aims at synthesizing green adsorbent from activated PKS by integrating iron oxide and zeolite. The newly developed adsorbents, zeolite-Fe/AC and Fe/AC, were analyzed for surface area, chemical composition, magnetic properties, crystallinity, and stability. The adsorbent efficiency in removing effluent from the palm oil mill was evaluated. The influence of operating parameters, including adsorbent dosage, H2O2, reaction time, and initial solution pH for adsorption performance was studied. The Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed that the adsorbents contain functional groups including OH, N–H, C Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019 ]]> O and CC, which are essential for removing pollutants. The SEM-EDX analysis shows holes in the adsorbent surface and that it is smooth. The adsorption study revealed that under optimized conditions, by using 4 g L−1 of adsorbent and 67.7 mM H2O2, zeolite-Fe/AC was able to remove 83.1% colour and 67.2% COD within 30 min. However, Fe/AC requires 5 g L−1 of adsorbent and 87.7 mM to remove 86.8 percent and 65.6 percent, respectively. This study also showed that zeolite-Fe/AC has higher reusability compared to Fe/AC. Among Freundlich and Temkin models, the experimental data were found to be best fitted with the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetic analysis revealed that for both adsorbents, the adsorption process fitted the pseudo-second-order model (R2 = 0.9724). The finding reflects monolayer adsorption of zeolite-Fe/AC and Fe/AC. This study thus demonstrates the applicability of low-cost green adsorbents produced from PKS to treat oil refinery effluent and other recalcitrant wastewaters.
Highlights
1500 million tons of agricultural waste is produced and disposed of annually in land lls.[1]
The sharp peak at 2996 cmÀ1 found in both activated carbon (AC) and Fe/AC shows the presence of asymmetric and symmetric C–H stretching.[58,59]
C]C stretching represented by the peak at 1580 cmÀ1 in both AC and Fe/AC adsorbents
Summary
1500 million tons of agricultural waste is produced and disposed of annually in land lls.[1]. In Malaysia, palm oil production is one of the major agricultural industries, providing 37.9% of the agricultural contribution to GDP.[11] every ton of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) processed produces different types of wastes such as 60 per cent of palm oil mill effluent (POME), 23 per cent of empty fruit bunches (EFB), 12 per cent of mesocarp bers and 5 per cent palm kernel shell.[6] Among them, POME is the largest wastes generated from the palm oil mills production with high BOD, COD, TS, TSS, colour more than 500 ADMI etc.[12] POME is mainly generated from crude palm oil (CPO) production line through sterilizer condensate, sludge clari cation and hydrocyclone.[13] Approximately, 5 to 7.5 tons of POME discharge of every ton of fresh fruit bunches (FFB) processed.[12] Since POME is considered as highly recalcitrant, the Department of Environment is
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