Abstract
Macular edema (ME) is associated with various conditions; however, the main causes of ME are retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and diabetes. Laser photocoagulation, formerly the gold standard for the treatment of ME, has been replaced by anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) intravitreal injections. Despite its efficiency, this treatment requires frequent injections to preserve the outcomes of anti-VEGF therapy, and as many patients do not sufficiently respond to the treatment, ME is typically a chronic condition that can lead to permanent visual impairment. Generalized recommendations for the treatment of ME are lacking, which highlights the importance of reviewing treatment approaches, including recent anti-VEGFs, intravitreal steroid implants, and subthreshold micropulse lasers. We reviewed relevant studies, emphasizing the articles published between 2019 and 2021 and using the following keywords: macular edema, diabetic macular edema, retinal vein occlusion, laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF, and intravitreal injections. Our results revealed that a combination of different treatment methods may be beneficial in resistant cases. Additionally, artificial intelligence (AI) is likely to help select the best treatment option for patients in the near future.
Highlights
Macular edema (ME) is a disease characterized by the swelling of the macula due to the abnormal accumulation of fluid [1]
The main advantage of treat-andextend (T and E) over pro re nata (PRN) regimens is a reduction in the number of hospital visits and recurrences [17]
The results revealed that the mean best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) were significantly improved at 1 and 3 months after intravitreal conbercept (IVC) treatment in the IVC group, and they gradually improved at 9 months after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide (IVTA) treatments in the IVC plus IVTA group [41]
Summary
Macular edema (ME) is a disease characterized by the swelling of the macula due to the abnormal accumulation of fluid [1]. It is associated with increased macular thickness and significantly reduced visual acuity, and it may develop in various ocular conditions. Postoperative cystoid macular edema (PCME) typically occurs after cataract surgery; it can occur after any ocular surgery [2]. It is thought that topical prostaglandin analogs used for glaucoma treatment may promote PCME [3,4]. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory eye drops, and ocular steroid injections (sub-tenon or intravitreal) are the main treatment options for PCME [2]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
