Abstract
Treating hydraulic fracturing flowback fluid has been receive much attention due to its high total dissolved solid and organic matter. In this study, to remove pollutants in the influent and reduce chemical oxygen demand (COD), the process of persulfate (PS) activated by Fe0 was applied in the treatment of hydraulic fracturing flowback fluid. At the optimal parameters of experimental condition (Fe0=8 g/L, PS = 12 mmol/L, pH=7.7, temperature=25°, reaction time=5 min), 93.6% COD (111.6 mg/L) was removed. Therefore, the Fe0-PS process could be proposed as a promising treatment technology for the removal of toxic and refractory hydraulic fracturing flowback fluid wastewater.
Highlights
Shale gas, an unconventional natural gas that exists in shale formation in adsorbed and free state, has attracted worldwide attention due to its high resource exploration potential [1,2,3]
Hydraulic fracturing technology has greatly increased the exploitation of shale gas and alleviated energy pressure, it has caused many environmental problems, such as a large amount of wastewater, impact on formation structure, noise, etc. [6,7,8,9].The wastewater is divided into two categories: one is the fracturing flowback fluid generated in the fracturing process, and the other is the produced water generated in the continuous gas production process
With the increase of PS dosage, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency improved slowly from 2.5% to 17.4%
Summary
An unconventional natural gas that exists in shale formation in adsorbed and free state, has attracted worldwide attention due to its high resource exploration potential [1,2,3]. In the process of shale gas exploration, hydraulic fracturing technology, as a mean to improve shale gas production, has been widely applied. Hydraulic fracturing technology has greatly increased the exploitation of shale gas and alleviated energy pressure, it has caused many environmental problems, such as a large amount of wastewater, impact on formation structure, noise, etc. The traditional treatment technology of hydraulic fracturing flowback mainly include recycling and underground injection, flocculation and precipitation and membrane technology and distillation technology [1, 11, 12]. They are limited by high capital or operating cost. The reaction mechanism of the Fe0-PS process was discussed thoroughly
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