Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis in Children

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Allergic rhinitis is an inflammatory disease of nasal mucosa mediated by IgE-associated response to indoor and outdoor environmental allergens. The treatment of allergic rhinitis involves three main categories: avoidance of allergen, pharmacologic management and immunotherapy. The first therapeutic approach in allergic rhinitis is prevention, which is done by avoidance of causal allergens. This helps reduce the symptoms and the need for medications for allergic rhinitis. But allergen-avoidance measures should be considered before or in association with pharmacologic treatment. The intra- nasal steroids produce significant relief of all nasal symptoms of allergic rhinitis, including nasal congestion, sneezing, rhinorrhea, and itching. They are the first choice drugs in allergic rhinitis except mild intermittent rhinitis. In mild inter- mittent allergic rhinitis suggested initial treatment consists of an oral antihistaminic, an intranasal antihistaminic, and/or an oral or intranasal decongestant. Montelukast can be used in children as young as 6 months and it is approved by FDA for treatment of allergic rhinitis, in which it has shown clinical efficacy in both seasonal and perennial AR. Multiple ran- domized, double-blind, placebo controlled studies have shown efficacy of omalizumab (anti-IgE) in seasonal and peren- nial allergic rhinitis. However, the application of omalizumab in the treatment of allergic rhinitis in the absence of other atopic diseases will likely be restricted to a narrowly defined set of circumstances due to its cost. Specific immunotherapy should be considered when patients fail to respond to avoidance of allergens and pharmacotherapy or experience side ef- fects, or when it is not cost effective.