Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the nervous system, in which almost all patients develop some degree of visual impairment during the disease. Optic neuritis is the most common and known visual affection and may be the initial clinical disease manifestation, but visual complaints can have a wide variety of presentations and some of them can lead to clinical confusion. Most symptoms are the result of acute injury and subsequent axonal loss in the afferent and efferent visual pathway, but others may be consequences of treatments. Currently, we can tell the functional and anatomical damage caused by multiple sclerosis by visual function test, measurement of eye movements, electrophysiological testing, optical coherence tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The purpose of this review is to describe the afferent and efferent visual symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis or multiple sclerosis treatment, and review the current and future therapeutic options available for them.
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