Treatment and Pathomechanism of Citrin Deficiency

Abstract

Citrin, encoded by SLC25A13, is a component of the malate-aspartate shuttle, which is the main NADH-transporting system in the liver. Citrin deficiency causes neonatal intrahepatic cholestasis (NICCD), which usually resolves within the first year of life. However, a small number of adults with citrin deficiency develop adult-onset type II citrullinemia (CTLN2), which causes hyperammonemic encephalopathy leading to death due to cerebral edema. Liver transplantation is the only definitive therapy for patients with CTLN2. Hepatic glycolysis is coupled with hepatic lipogenesis via the NADH shuttles composed of the malate-aspartate shuttle and malate-citrate shuttle. Citrin deficiency is expected to impair glycolysis and lipogenesis in hepatocytes. We noticed that a lactose (galactose)-restricted and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)-supplemented formula is notably effective for patients with NICCD. We extended this therapy for CTLN2 and found that an MCT supplementation therapy under a low-carbohydrate formula prevented the relapse of hyperammonemic encephalopathy, normalized the liver dysfunction (including the Fisher ratio), and gradually improved the level of plasma citrulline and fatty liver. An MCT supplement can provide energy to hepatocytes and promote hepatic lipogenesis, leading to improvement of the cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio via the malate-citrate shuttle. MCT supplementation could be a promising therapy for citrin deficiency.