Abstract
The treatment of a disorder typically is based on an understanding of the mechanisms of the disorder and its etiology, permitting a suitable treatment to be directed at the appropriate cause. What happens when the observed symptoms have multiple potential causes? This situation is not unusual in medicine: a cough may be due to a cold or to cancer. Likewise, psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNESs) outwardly may appear similar to epilepsy but are caused purely by the emotions. Moreover, diagnosis and treatment may be more difficult because some caregivers are not comfortable diagnosing or treating patients with emotional disorders, such as PNESs.
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