Abstract
ABSTRACTA travel plan is a mechanism for delivering a package of transport measures at a site to manage car use and encourage the use of more sustainable forms of transport. In recent years, travel plans have been required for new infill and greenfield developments through the land-use planning and approvals process, predominantly in the United Kingdom, the United States, continental Europe and Australia. This paper contributes to the literature by providing a global review of travel plans for new developments. The results show that while travel plans for new developments share a common set of elements with those for pre-existing sites, differences within each element are notable, particularly in the types of travel plan measures adopted, processes for managing the travel plan, and approaches to monitoring and review. Results of previous evaluations have varied considerably, although most have reported a reduction in car driver trips of 10–20 percentage points. Despite this, most evaluations lack rigour, with a paucity of robust evidence. Key success factors identified by the literature, such as the provision of an explicit policy supporting the role of travel plans, should be embedded within the travel planning process where possible to ensure best outcomes for new developments.
Highlights
A travel plan is a mechanism for delivering a package of transport measures at a site to manage car use and encourage the use of more sustainable forms of transport, including walking, cycling and public transport (Enoch 2012)
The results show that while travel plans for new developments share a common set of elements with those for pre-existing sites, differences within each element are notable, in the types of travel plan measures adopted, processes for managing the travel plan, and approaches to monitoring and review
This research has provided an international synthesis of research on travel plans for new developments
Summary
A travel plan is a mechanism for delivering a package of transport measures at a site to manage car use and encourage the use of more sustainable forms of transport, including walking, cycling and public transport (Enoch 2012). Key characteristics of travel plans for new developments Travel planning guidance generally recommends the inclusion of specific elements within a travel plan, regardless of whether it is for a pre-existing site or new development (ACT Canada & Noxon Associates Limited 2010; City and County of San Francisco 2016b; Department for Transport 2009; Department of Infrastructure 2008; NZ Transport Agency 2011; Transport for London 2011) These elements typically include context for the travel plan, existing transport conditions, travel plan objectives, targets and indicators, travel plan actions/measures, arrangements for managing the travel plan, and mechanisms for monitoring and review. The actions/measures within a travel plan may be more infrastructure-based for new developments (e.g. bicycle parking) and can include contributions towards public transport services, while pre-existing sites may focus more on travel behaviour change initiatives where infrastructure is already in place (De Gruyter et al 2014a). Baseline survey not possible as site not usually occupied; main focus is on surrounding transport network and the Transport Impact Assessment
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