Trapping, percolation, and anomalous diffusion of particles in a two-dimensional random field

Abstract

We analyze from first principles the advection of particles in a velocity field with HamiltonianH(x, y)=¯ V 1 y−¯ V 2 x+W 1 (y)-W 2 (x), whereW i , i=1, 2, are random functions with stationary, independent increments. In the absence of molecular diffusion, the particle dynamics are very sensitive to the streamline topology, which depends on the mean-to-fluctuations ratioρ=max(|¯V1¦/Ū; ¦¯V2|/Ū), withŪ =〈|W 1 ′|2〉1/2=rms fluctuations. Remarkably, the model is exactly solvable forρ ⩾1 and well suited for Monte Carlo simulations for all ρ, providing a nice setting for studying seminumerically the influence of streamline topology on large-scale transport. First, we consider the statistics of streamlines forρ=0, deriving power laws for pnc(L) and 〈λ(L)〉, which are, respectively, the escape probability and the length of escaping trajectories for a box of sizeL, L » 1. We also obtain a characterization of the “statistical topography” of the HamiltonianH. Second, we study the large-scale transport of advected particles withρ > 0. For 0 <ρ < 1, a fraction of particles is trapped in closed field lines and another fraction undergoes unbounded motions; while for ρ⩾ 1 all particles evolve in open streamlines. The fluctuations of the free particle positions about their mean is studied in terms of the normalized variablest − v/2[x(t)−〈x(t)〉] andt −v/2 [y(t)-〈(t)〉]. The large-scale motions are shown to be either Fickian (ν=1), or superdiffusive (ν=3/2) with a non-Gaussian coarse-grained probability, according to the direction of the mean velocity relative to the underlying lattice. These results are obtained analytically for ρ ⩾ 1 and extended to the regime 0<ρ<1 by Monte Carlo simulations. Moreover, we show that the effective diffusivity blows up for resonant values of $$(\bar V_1 ,\bar V_2 )$$ ) for which stagnation regions in the flow exist. We compare the results with existing predictions on the topology of streamlines based on percolation theory, as well as with mean-field calculations of effective diffusivities. The simulations are carried out with a CM 200 massively parallel computer with 8192 SIMD processors.