Abstract
Ray trapping into a duct can be described if one takes into account that duct properties vary along the duct ; otherwise the paths of the duct-trapped rays are periodical. The advanced theory is devoted to an analytical description of ray propagation in ducts and other waveguides with parameters varying along their length. Conditions of waveguide propagation are defined for the case when plasma gradients inside a duct are comparable with the ambient gradients. The angles of ray trapping into ducts of arbitrary profile have been calculated. Explicit expressions for ray traces in a duct of parabolic profile have been found. Also presented are examples of charts for critical angles of whistler trapping into ionospheric and magnetospheric ducts.
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