Trapped surfaces and the Penrose inequality in spherically symmetric geometries.

Abstract

We demonstrate that the Penrose inequality is valid for spherically symmetric geometries even when the horizon is immersed in matter. The matter field need not be at rest. The only restriction is that the source satisfies an energy condition outside the horizon. No restrictions are placed on the matter inside the horizon. The proof of the Penrose inequality gives a new necessary condition for the formation of trapped surfaces. This formulation may also be adapted to give a sufficient condition. We show that a modification of the Penrose inequality proposed by Gibbons for charged black holes can be broken in early stages of gravitational collapse. This investigation is based exclusively on the initial data formulation of general relativity.