Trapidil, a platelet-derived growth factor antagonist, inhibits osteoclastogenesis by down-regulating NFATc1 and suppresses bone loss in mice

Abstract

Trapidil, a platelet-derived growth factor antagonist, was originally developed as a vasodilator and anti-platelet agent and has been used to treat patients with ischemic coronary heart, liver, and kidney disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of trapidil on osteoclastogenesis and elucidated the possible mechanism of action of trapidil. Trapidil strongly inhibited osteoclast formation in co-cultures of bone marrow cells and osteoblasts without affecting receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) or osteoprotegerin expression in osteoblasts. In addition, trapidil suppressed RANKL-induced osteoclast formation from osteoclast precursors. Trapidil reduced RANKL-induced expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), a master transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis, without affecting the expression of c-Fos that functions as a key upstream activator of NFATc1 during osteoclastogenesis. Ectopic expression of a constitutively active form of NFATc1 reversed the anti-osteoclastogenic effect of trapidil, indicating that NFATc1 is a critical target of the anti-osteoclastogenic action of trapidil. RANKL-induced calcium oscillation and Pim-1 expression, which are required for NFATc1 induction and osteoclastogenesis, were abrogated by trapidil. Consistent with the in vitro results, trapidil had a potent inhibitory effect on osteoclast formation and bone resorption induced by interleukin-1 in an animal model. Taken together, our data demonstrate that trapidil abrogates RANKL-induced calcium oscillation and Pim-1 expression required for NFATc1 induction, thereby inhibiting osteoclastogenesis.