Abstract
Alterations in the topography due to the construction of transport infrastructure and industrial development are rather complex processes. The impact of transport constructions upsetting (topographic) equilibrium is manifested in relatively narrow strips and mostly, through producing abnormally steep slopes, in reducing relief stability. The earthworks for transport routes are themselves geomorphic factors whereas in the case of industrial developments, planation is usually influential. Topographic changes related to the construction of transport infrastructure and industrial development are discussed historically in this chapter. First, direct impacts related to the construction of Roman and Medieval roads, hollow roads in loess, public roads, motorways, railways, canals, tunnels and airports are discussed, followed by impacts of early mining and metallurgy, cellars, sludge reservoirs, slag cones and fly-ash reservoirs, cooling ponds, industrial parks, shopping centres and waste disposal sites. Among indirect impacts, an introduction is given to the consequences of surface sealing, changes in runoff, the ‘waterfall effect’ as well as to environmental impacts under permafrost conditions.
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